Imagine going to work at 7:30 every night and spending the next 12 hours, including meals and breaks, inside a factory where your only job is to insert a single screw into the back of a smartphone, repeating the task over and over and over again.
During the day, you sleep in a shared dorm room, and in the evening, you wake up and start all over again.
That's the routine that Dejian Zeng experienced when he spent six weeks working at an iPhone factory near Shanghai, China, last summer. And it's similar to what hundreds of thousands of workers in China and other emerging economies experience every day and night as they assemble the gadgets that power the digital economy.
Unlike many of those workers, Zeng did not need to do the job to earn a living. He's a grad student at New York University, and he worked at the factory, owned by the contract manufacturing giant Pegatron, for his summer project.
Dejian Zeng spent six weeks in the summer of 2016 at a Pegatron facility on the outskirts of Shanghai for his summer project.
He told us:
- He was paid 3100 yuan (about $450) and housing for a month of work, including overtime.
- He slept in a dorm room with seven other people.
- What happens when a factory starts producing an unreleased iPhone.
- Factory workers usually cannot afford new iPhones.
- There's an Apple-promoted app that the factory wants all its workers to download.
- Why it can get stinky in the factories.
- Why he believes iPhone manufacturing will never come to the United States.
Like many tech companies, Apple makes nearly all its computers and phones in China, using contract manufacturers like Pegatron.
That has recently become a contentious political issue, with President Donald Trump calling for Apple to bring manufacturing — and the jobs that come with it — back to the United States.
At the same time, Apple's overseas manufacturing has long been a target of criticism from some groups that point to workers' long hours and low wages.
Leaders in the tech industry say Apple has shifted its practices to address previous controversies over its factory workers in China. In March, Apple released its annual report looking at its manufacturing operations.
To see what the situation was like firsthand, Zeng went to work undercover in Pegatron's ChangShuo factory last summer, armed with a fellowship from NYU. The factory he worked at was profiled by the BBC in 2014 and Bloomberg in 2016, with the reporting focusing on whether some workers were forced to work overtime shifts.
Apple employees are on the ground at the Pegatron facility every day, an Apple representative told Business Insider.
Apple performed 16 audits at the ChangShuo Pegatron factory, finding that 99% of workweeks were under 60 hours, with the average workweek for people assembling Apple products clocking in at 43 hours. Wages at Pegatron have increased more than 50% over the last five years, and they are higher than the Shanghai minimum wage, the representative said. Pegatron didn't comment.
Zeng, who plans to work at a Chinese human-rights nonprofit when he graduates, said he believed a strike was imminent at the Pegatron plant when he went to work there. No strike happened, but Zeng got a look into the daily lives of factory workers who assemble iPhones.
Here's what he told Business Insider about his experience.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Kif Leswing: So what did you do? I'd love to hear about your day.
Dejian Zeng: At the beginning, I was assigned to the assembly line in the department called FATP, final assembling testing packing. We put the iPhone together.
One line might have about 100 stations. Each station does one specific thing. At the beginning, I work on iPhone 6S. And then after August, we are working on iPhone 7.
When I'm working iPhone 6S, I do two stations. One station at the beginning I did fastening speaker to housing.
What I did is that I put the speaker on the case, and I put a screw on it. The [iPhone] housing — we call it the back case — is moving on the assembly line, and that's when we pick it up, and now we get one screw from the screw feeder, and then we put it on the iPhone and then put it back, and it goes to next station.
Leswing: You were in charge of one screw?
Zeng: It's like, that's the work. I mean, it's simple, but that's the work that you do. Over, over, over again. For whole days.
Leswing: Did it drive you nuts?
Zeng: The first couple of days you're very concentrated because you couldn't catch up the speed of the assembly line. You need to be very quick to catch up. So you're very, very focused. It makes you very tired, but it keeps your mind on it. You have no time to think about things. I need to get quicker and quicker.
And then, after awhile, you get more familiar to it, and that in the end, I can even do this screw by closing my eyes. It is just like that. So after that, you get a lot of time that you have nothing to do. That's when people feel very annoyed. Because in the Pegatron factories, any kind of electronic devices are not allowed to be inside the factories.
It makes you very boring there because you can't listen to music. Sometimes workers talk with each other, random chats, but sometimes your line manager gets very upset by that. They say, "Keep your voice low."
Leswing: So when and where did you wake up every day?
Zeng: I wake up in a dorm shared by eight people. The dorm is not on the factory campus — it's in a place about 10 minutes drive, and they have a shuttle bus for us.
At the beginning, I would have work on the night shift. I wake up at 6 p.m. or 6:30 p.m.
The assembly line starts working at different times. Some coworkers start working at 7:30 p.m., some workers at 8 p.m., some like 8:30 p.m, some at 9:30 p.m.
I started at 7:30 p.m, so I take the shuttle bus at 7 p.m., and then we start getting to the factory about 7:15 p.m.
After roughly two hours, you have a 10-minute break.
During the break, many people sleep. And it's kind of a struggle because this is not a very long time. And if you want a drink of water or if you want to go to the restroom, you need to walk out a huge workshop and then go to the restroom, and then come back in — takes about 10 minutes.
SEE ALSO: The complete story behind Apple's futuristic new campus, 'Apple Park'
"I mean, it's simple, but that's the work that you do. Over, over, over again. For whole days."
Leswing: So the bathrooms are not around?
Zeng: It becomes a struggle when you're very sleepy but also you need to drink some water. You can only do one thing. It's just go to the restroom or come back and take some sleep.
Leswing: You just came back from a 10-minute break. What do you do now?
Zeng: After another two hours, we got a 50-minute break for lunch.
Generally, there are vegetables, meats, and sometimes it's like buns or noodles — and then basically it's like three vegetables, one meat, with rice. That's generally a meal.
Sometimes they have apples, pears, some fruits as additions to the meal.
The whole factory eats there. It's a huge canteen room.
If you have finished the meal earlier [than 50 minutes], you can take some sleep also. Sleep is really a thing in the factory. You can see that in the lounge — we have a lot of long sofas, but it's not really a very comfortable sofa. It's like you can feel the iron.
People just sit there and sleep. But you can't lay down. There are people walking around. If they see you lay down, they will swipe the ID and take a record of it. And they put the record in your profile. And then they will publish it to your whole assembly line, so your manager would come and yell at you later. Sometimes if it happens multiple times, they deduct money.
Leswing: How much money would they take if they caught you sleeping?
Zeng: It's not catching you sleeping — it's catching you laying. There are certain behaviors that you can't do. The same thing happens if you accidentally bring a phone into the factories. It's not even getting inside. It's like when you're past the metal detectors and it sounds and you pulled out your phone. You're on the record. Or your lighters. Any metal.
Leswing: Did you like the food, and were you charged for it?
Zeng: Yeah, we get charged for it, and it depends on what kind of food you choose. There are 5-yuan meals, 8-yuan meals. But that was inside the factories.
There are also restaurants inside the campus that people generally go eat at after they finish their work. Sometimes, if you're working on day shift, then that was more expensive. That was like up to 20 yuan, something like that.
Leswing: Was the food high-quality?
Zeng: I wouldn't say that. The chicken that I get ... I never see the breasts or thigh. It's always the neck or certain parts that you can't identify.
The chicken that I get ... I never see the breasts or thigh. It's always the neck or certain parts that you can't identify.
So I wouldn't say that's a very good meal. But it keeps you full, and you're very hungry, so it keeps you full anyway. It's reasonable. Not very good, but you have no other choice.
Leswing: Do you talk with people at lunch?
Zeng: If you are eating with your friends, sometimes you do. A lot of people just eat by themselves. You go get your meal, and then you eat, because it's like if you can eat it faster, you get more sleep.
After the lunch break, you work for two hours — two hours, and there is another 10 minutes in the middle of it.
Youtube Embed:
http://www.youtube.com/embed/-70q8xmTdhE
Width: 854px
Height: 480px
Leswing:And by this point, you've worked six hours.
Zeng: After two more hours — and about eight hours total — working, then it depends on whether you need to do overtime or not.
If you don't need to, you're off. Everybody is off.
But generally, if you need to do overtime, it depends on if it's Monday to Thursday or it's Friday.
Friday, only work two hours overtime. Monday to Thursday is 2.5 hours overtime work.
And then you do one whole day, eight hours, on Saturday also.
So total, the time workers spent in the factory is 12 hours, generally including the breaking times and lunchtime.
Leswing: Does that also include you waiting in line to go through a metal detector and that kind of stuff?
Zeng: Doesn't include. If you included those, you should include 30 minutes more.
Leswing: All right. So you're done. It's 7:30 in the morning. What do you do?
Zeng: I would generally go have another meal afterward. Then you take the shuttle bus, go back to your dorm, take a shower — if you're lucky, there is hot water. Sometimes there's no hot water or there's no water at all.
After a shower ... people either go to internet cafe, play video games, watch videos, something like that, or you lay down, watch videos on your phone.
Leswing: Pretty much everyone has a phone?
Zeng: You have a phone. The dorms provide Wi-Fi. But to access the Wi-Fi, you need to do something. You need to either download some apps for them or click something — comments or something — to earn some virtual coins.
You use the coins to get on the Wi-Fi. Twenty-four hours is 20 coins. And then downloading apps sometimes are like 20 to 30 coins or something. So is it you can buy coins — like I remember it's like 100 coins about 5 yuan, something like that. But a lot of people just keep downloading. It's like a business. You need to need to do that to get access to Wi-Fi.
In that same platform that you earn coins, there are free videos still available. So I think there's something good, that workers can watch videos for free.
I would like to go to bed about 10. You don't have a lot of time. You get very tired. And then most you can watch is one movie and then you really need to go to bed. And then the other day, you wake up at 6:30 again. And that's just a routine.
Leswing: Did you have any friends?
Zeng: I made friends with my roommates and also my coworkers on the same assembly line, but it's like the station around me, so we're sitting together. So those are very good friends.
And I also made some friends at the first couple of days, when we do some training. But during the training, you are together. Later, you get distributed.
Leswing: Your dorm roommates aren't going to be the same people.
Zeng: No, we don't work on the same assembly or nearby, and sometimes we work on different shifts. So sometimes I never see my roommates for a month because we are on a different shift, and they shift it every month.
Leswing: Do you know anyone there with a family?
Zeng: Yeah, they are with their girlfriends or their wives.
Sometimes they rent an apartment outside the campus. You can choose to do that, but it's very pricey. But if you have to, that's the only way. There are no dorm rooms there for a couple.
Leswing: So when you were on the assembly line with you with your mates, what did you talk about?
Zeng: That's where I find that the stereotypes about workers is not right. I had thought they [would be] uneducated. Wrong. They are talking about a lot of things. They talk about the China-US relationship, foreign relations in the South China Sea, because at that point there is news on that.
Leswing: Did your coworkers like their jobs?
Zeng: So I would say we don't like it and we don't hate it.
We just consider it a job that can give us money. Nobody enjoys the process, because the purpose of getting to work is waiting to get out.
The only thing that we're thinking about is really money, money, money. I need to get some money from my family, I need to support my life, support my kids.
That's the only thing in their mind. Sometimes they don't even care how tired they are.
Some workers have worked at different factories and think Pegatron has stricter management. You can't use your phone in their factory. You can't listen to music. Sometimes there are people walking around that don't allow you talk too loud.
So some workers have a comparison and think Pegatron has stricter controls. That's something that gets them annoyed.
Leswing: Is it a respected job? Is it a job that people go, "Oh, that's a decent way to earn a living"?
Zeng: I don't think so. People working the factories are also working on becoming a security guard, deliveryman, housekeeper. So it's the same kind of level of position. You don't see it as better.
I think the only way to look at the factory job is that you really keep people from being homeless. Because you need no skills, you just get into the factories. They don't even ask you any questions. During the interview, you can just get in that day. And then they take care of your meals and your dorm.
So it's like if you really have nowhere to go, if you're in the city alone and have no relatives to support you, go to the factory. You might earn some money, a little bit, and then gradually you can get your life together.
Leswing: Did anyone see it as a career?
Zeng: I don't think people really see it as a career.
The turnover rate is very high. It's very normal for workers to leave after two weeks or a month. Some workers get there and if they don't like it, they quit very quick.
But some people can stick there longer. And after one year, you can get promoted to become the line manager.
There are different structures. At the lowest level, you're an operator, and then you get into the multitask worker [position]. The third level is group leader, and then it's line manager. Then above is section manager, and then there's the division manager, and then there is the factory director.
There are workers that can really move up this chain. But we think that, at most, you can become a line manager.
But there are people who could get promoted by that chain, but not a lot of people can sustain that kind of life for that long time.
And then the pattern of Chinese migrant workers is that they go out to the city and do jobs for a year, and then they quit, then they go back home to stay one month for a new year or something like that, and then go out or find another job.
Leswing: Did your coworkers use Apple products?
Zeng: Some workers have iPhones, but not very many because of the monthly wage.
If they are affordable for workers, then they will buy Apple. But they are saying, "I really want that?" Can they save two months' wages to get an iPhone? They won't do that. The phones they generally use are Chinese productions like Oppo or something like that.
Leswing: Do the people working there at Pegatron know they're assembling Apple products?
Zeng: They know. We all know that we are assembling Apple products. We even know "this is the iPhone 6" or "this is the iPhone 7 that's coming out." Everybody knows.
Leswing: So what did you know when production switched from the iPhone 6 to the iPhone 7? Did people know that this was an unreleased product? Was there additional security around it?
Zeng: The controls gets more strict. They increased the sensitivity of the metal detectors.
So you know some girls, they have bras? And so they couldn't pass the door because they had the metal in the bra. And so a lot of the girls had to change all of the sudden that day because they increased the sensitivity.
And then you passed two security checks. There's a lot of security checks.
Here's how it works: Our factory, when we got to working, they are already assembling the infrastructure of the assembly line. They have this curtain circling it so you can't even see how the infrastructure is, right?
We were working at the same workshop, but there are people doing construction there.
And then after they've finished construction and need to move people in, we were moved out and working in another building of the factories. And then they prepare everything, and everybody moved back in.
And then producing iPhone 7 — at that point it was a trial production. That kind of experience is totally different from when we produced iPhone 6S because that's a whole day, and I consider it as torture.
Because one day for 12 hours, you only produce five phones. You sit there and have nothing to do, waiting for two hours. Sometimes they don't allow you to speak. You just sit there quietly and have nothing to do, and wait until the next phone comes in. You're trying to assemble it, and then you put it back and you wait for another few hours for the next one to come in.
When we were producing the iPhone 7, they have Apple staff there every single day to monitor the process. Because it's a new product, they want to see if there are new problems.
The management of the factory becomes very, very careful. It needs to be very, very clean. All the case-holders need to be in the exact position of where they should be. The process changed a lot because it used to be just an assembly line. They made it a clean room — like they want to keep the dust out.
So every time you get in, you need to have a roller to clean all the dust, and then you get it, and all of these procedures, you need to do that. Management is very careful, constantly walking around. You're not allowed to talk or sleep.
When you don't talk and are just sitting there for a couple of hours, you get sleepy. I was falling asleep three times one day, and every time when the multitask workers, the assistants of the line manager, would walk out and would spot me sleeping, they would say, "No, no, no," and wake me up. The third time he caught me sleeping, he said, "You, stand up." And so I was standing next to the assembly line, not even allowed to sit.
Leswing: Were you doing the same screw for the iPhone 7?
Zeng: No. At the later part of producing the iPhone 6S, I was switched to another station called camera cowling. So they have a protector on top of the camera, and I need to have the cowling fastened. It also was putting in two screws so the camera would be where it is.
Leswing: Cowling. That is a word I've never heard before!
Zeng: There's a lot of terms. There's a lot of terms.
Leswing: Do the factory workers — they obviously work for Pegatron — but do they think they work for Apple at some level?
Zeng: They definitely know they are producing Apple products and consider themselves a part of that process.
See the rest of the story at Business Insider