This post is part of Blinkist's books-in-blinks series. The series provides key messages from books that you might not have time to read in their entirety.
Here are the key messages from Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari. Last year, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and Barack Obama all recommended the book.
Who should read this book?
- People curious about why our species – Homo sapiens– came to rule the world
- Those who want to know how humans ended up living in a capitalist world community
- Participants in Mark Zuckerberg’s Year of Books
What is it about?
Sapiens (2015) traces the evolution of our species – from the rise of our most ancient ancestors to our current place in the modern, technological age. How have we, a species of hairless, tailless ape, managed to completely dominate the entire planet? These blinks show you the developments and trends that have allowed Homo sapiens to rise to the top.
Who is the author?
Yuval Noah Harari works as a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and specializes in world and military history. Sapiens is his first international bestseller; it has been translated into 26 languages.
What’s in it for me? Immerse yourself in humanity’s 300,000 year journey.
Spread both your arms out as wide as you can and let the distance between your two hands represent the history of the Earth. How much of this distance would human history take up? One arm up to the elbow, maybe? A hand? A finger? Not even close. If you wanted to see the space taken up by humanity, you’d need a powerful microscope.
And yet, although we have been around for an incredibly short amount of time, we have achieved so much. NO other species has come close to dominating the planet to the degree that we have. So how has this all been possible?
In these blinks, we will explore those key elements in human history – from the development of language to the creation of money – that have made us who we are today.
In these blinks, you’ll discover
- why farming actually made people worse off;
- why writing was invented to chase up lapsed debts; and
- why the last decades have been the most peaceful in history.
Although not the first humans, Homo sapiens came to replace all other human species on Earth.
We humans are pretty special: we completely dominate the planet, and we’ve even moved beyond the Earth’s boundaries to explore, and possibly colonize, space.
How have we been able to do so much? In order to find out we must go back to the start, to the evolution of our human species.
Humans first appeared about 2.5 million years ago in East Africa, evolving from a genus of great apes known as Australopithecus. These early humans, such as Homo rudolfensis and Homo erectus, eventually migrated, abandoning East Africa for more promising environments. Adaptation to these new habitats led them to evolve into even more forms of Homo, including Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Asia.
It wasn’t until 300,000 years ago that modern humans, Homo sapiens, first appeared. This new species of human were not particularly special. Sure, they had large brains, walked upright, used tools and were highly social, but so did the other species of human. For example, Neanderthals hunted large game and used fire long before the emergence of Homo sapiens.
And yet, despite there being nothing particularly special about Homo sapiens, they prospered and overspread the globe; all the other human species died out. Why?
There are two theories to explain this: The Interbreeding Theory suggests that Homo sapiens began mating with the other species of humans – most notably Homo neanderthalensis– and that this resulted in the species gradually merging together. There is evidence to back this theory up: the DNA of modern Europeans contains between 1 and 4 percent of Neanderthal DNA, as well as some DNA from other earlier human species.
The Replacement Theory, on the other hand, suggests that Homo sapiens, thanks to their slightly superior skills and technology, pushed other human species toward extinction – either by taking away their food sources or by violently killing them off.
So which of the theories is most likely to be correct? Well, both are likely to be partially correct: Homo sapiens probably drove the other species toward annihilation and simultaneously interbred with them.
With the Cognitive Revolution, Homo sapiens acquired thinking and communication skills that allowed them to conquer the globe.
So we have just seen how other human species were driven to extinction by Homo sapiens, and how it was a combination of slight advantages that gave Homo sapiens the edge. But what exactly was it that gave them these advantages?
The answer lies in the unique structure of the Homo sapiens’ brain. About 70,000 years ago, the brain of early modern humans went through an evolutionary leap known as the Cognitive Revolution. This development gave them a relatively sudden improvement in brainpower.
With their improved brain capabilities, Homo sapiens were able to outperform their rivals. For example, they began to form larger, more sophisticated communities; they invented more complex forms of hunting tools and techniques; and they even began to establish primitive trade networks.
Such advantages meant that Homo sapiens could find food and resources, even in the harshest of environments, far easier than the other species of human.
For example, in order to reach America, Homo sapiens had to be able to withstand the Arctic conditions of the Siberian passage. So they learned to team together and hunt the large, nutrient-packed mammoths, and to make snowshoes and warm clothing out of their skin and fur.
This revolution in brainpower allowed modern humans to venture into the most remote corners of the globe. Starting in Africa, they spread out and colonized Europe, Asia, America and even Australia.
As humanity spread across the globe, however, with their improved hunting techniques, they left a trail of extinctions in their wake.
For example, just 50,000 years ago, Australia was inhabited by a multitude of big land mammals – ground sloths that were 20 feet tall and armadillos the size of minivans! But, within a couple thousand years of Homo sapiens’ arrival, the vast majority of these animals were gone.
See the rest of the story at Business Insider