In 2017, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation published its first annual "Goalkeepers" report, highlighting global data to show that humanity is headed in the right direction.
The second annual report, released Tuesday, focuses on the "formidable challenge" of improving the lives of people in low-income countries, from reducing poverty to increasing access to safe sanitation, with a particular emphasis on African countries.
In Africa, a continent with rapid population growth, the number of poor people will remain the same even if the percentage of poor people is halved. On top of that, Africa is expected to nearly double in size by 2050.
By that year, two out of five extremely poor people worldwide will live in either Nigeria or Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to the Gates report.
The Gates Foundation has invested more than $15 billion on projects supporting Africa in various ways.
"We believe Africa is the world’s most important priority for the foreseeable future," the foundation's report said. "What happens to the large number of young people there will be the single biggest determinant of whether the world makes progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals — that is, whether life on this planet keeps getting better."
Take a look at the Gates Foundation's main areas of focus, from education and family planning to poverty reduction, and its plan for improving the world.
SEE ALSO: 11 global trends Bill and Melinda Gates say prove the world is getting better
Though the number of people living in extreme poverty is decreasing, the Gates Foundation emphasizes that regional variation needs to be look at too.
The global reduction in extreme poverty (defined as living on less than $1.90 per day) is "perhaps the best story of the past generation," the Gates Foundation report said. But it doesn't tell the whole story.
As countries gain wealth, the cost of living goes up. To account for this, the World Bank has created a second poverty threshold of $3.20 per day for lower middle-income countries. While the number of people earning between $1.90 and $3.20 is going down, poverty is changing at different rates in different places. For South Asia, this decline is very recent, whereas sub-Saharan Africa has not begun experiencing a decrease yet.
"These trends underscore the dynamic nature of poverty; despite progress, there are still many who are close enough to the extreme poverty line that they risk falling below it again," the report said.
Unpaid care work around the world is still disproportionately done by women and girls.
Unpaid care work — which includes gathering water, cooking, and taking care of children — shows the consequences of gender inequality, according to the report.
"This work, some of which is drudgery and some of which is deeply rewarding, is disproportionately shouldered by women and girls," the report said. "The burden of unpaid care work is one reason why women are poorer than men, especially during the years when they devote the most time to child rearing."
More girls and women would be able to attend school and launch businesses if unpaid care work was split equally between men and women.
Currently, women between the ages of 25 and 34 are 22% more likely to be extremely poor when compared to men of the same age. And 88% of women earn less as a result of having children, the report said.
While global coverage of vaccines is high, many countries fall significantly below the average.
The percentage of people worldwide who can access vaccines for diseases like pneumonia and measles is rising, but these data points fail to tell the whole story.
The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP3) vaccine, for example, has global coverage of nearly 90%, but the number is below 50% in some countries. The coverage in five countries — Central Africa Republic, Angola, Somalia, Nigeria, and Equatorial Guinea — is expected to remain below 60% in 2030.
Even if a country has a high overall vaccine coverage, some parts of the country may be neglected. In one quarter of sub-Saharan Africa districts, for example, over half of children have not received the required three doses of DTP3. The diseases covered by DTP3 can all be fatal, the report said, and the vaccine is considered the "gold standard" for measuring people's access to immunizations in a given area.
"The priority now is replicating successful strategies in the most challenging places so that all people everywhere receive lifesaving vaccines," the report said.
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