Bots, or bits of code that automatically post to social media, are integral to the Internet. Google uses bots to crawl search results, and businesses use them to post automated messages.
More recently, bots are being used by governments mimic social media users and manipulate public opinion.
In 2015, more than 40 countries deployed political bots, says Samuel Woolley, a PhD candidate at the University of Washington. His team has logged more than 100 cases of bots designed to sway elections, pad follower counts, or spread propaganda during political crises.
Here are five countries that use bots to promote their agendas.
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Mexico.
The Mexican government, under President Enrique Peña Nieto, uses Twitter bots to shut down dissent.
Known as Peñabots, they first appeared during Mexico's 2012 election to spread pro-Peña propaganda.
The bots still have a strong presence on Twitter, Woolley says. Peñabots target journalists for smear campaigns, jam activist efforts, and promote an average of 3 fake trends every day.
Turkey.
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's party has amassed its own bot army, leading up to the country's local elections in August.
Researchers say that the Turkish government has coded more than 6,000 bots to promote the party. There are also reports of thousands of fake Twitter accounts.
"They are still used to shut down any kind of democratic conversation," Woolley says.
When protesters found out, Erdoğan claimed that the activists were actually bots and threatened to ban Twitter in Turkey.
Russia.
The Russian government uses bots to intimidate people who disgree with Vladimir Putin.
In April, the government paid hundreds of bloggers to post messages on forums and social networks. They all praised Putin and condemned Western governments.
“We had to write ‘ordinary posts’, about making cakes or music tracks we liked, but then every now and then throw in a political post about how the Kiev government is fascist, or that sort of thing,” one of the bloggers told The Guardian.
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